In this chapter, we sketch the framework applied by the Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development – the central advisory body of the Austrian Government for education, science, research and innovation policy affairs – for measuring and evaluating the performance of Austria's national innovation system in international comparison. The chapter aims to present an overview of the development of the framework in cooperation with the Austrian Institute of Economic Research and in accordance with the responsible ministries. The chapter also intends to describe its application in the context of the Council's annual reports on Austria's scientific and technological capability.